Tourism At Sabah In East Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Example

Tourism At Sabah In East Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Sabah its one of the provinces located in East Malaysia is known as Land below the Wind , because of its location merely south of the typhoon-prone part around the Philippines. Sabah is Malaysia s northmost province and together with Sarawak and it is cragged with exuberant tropical rain woods and its population of about two million is made up of 32 colorful cultural communities. Known largely for its two Mountains ; Mount Kinabalu, the submerged mountain of Sipadan or Layang Layang Island absolute isolation will adore this topographic point with beautiful positions of the environing sea with Gomantong Caves are a group of limestone caves every bit good cognize for its high valued birds nest. Entree to Malaysia eastern gateway is through Sabah s capital, Kota Kinabalu, which receives flights from Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Kuching, Singapore, Hong Kong, Manila, Brunei, Jakarta, Seoul, and Taipei. Domestic travel in this huge province is via day-to-day flights between Labuan, Sandak an, Lahad Datu, and Tawau, though big countries are still unaccessible. A rail web stretches from Kota Kinabalu to Tenom, and coachs, taxis, and boats are besides available. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism At Sabah In East Malaysia Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism At Sabah In East Malaysia Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism At Sabah In East Malaysia Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sabah is an enrapturing mosaic of cultural diverseness with at least 30 groups with their rich civilizations and interesting traditions and utilizing more than 50 autochthonal linguistic communications and non less than 80 dialects.A The chief cultural groups are: the Dusun and Kadazan the largest group who make up about one tierce of the population, the Murut, the Paitan and the Bajau. Other autochthonal groups include the Bonggi, the Iranun, the Idaan and the Brunei. In add-on, the Chinese make up the chief not autochthonal group. Therefore, the people of Sabah are varied in their several cultural backgrounds. The tamu, a hebdomadal unfastened bazar, offers a vivid glance into the colorful blend of local civilizations. The tamu is where indigens gather to merchandise in farm green goods, local oddities, handcraft, nutrient and even American bisons. Kota Belud is a favorite topographic point for tourers to capture this alien juncture. Presents, Sabah has blossomed into a booming commercial Centre and vacation finish. A short boat-ride off takes one to the islands of Tunku Abdul Rahman park, a oasis for bivouacing and sea athleticss for all coevals. Tropical Beachs As we know Sabah is a fantastic chance to loosen up and wind off on a privy tropical beach or honkytonk at Jacques Cousteau s favourites tropical island honkytonk topographic point and the Caribbean Islands may be the current popular pick for an ultimate Tropical Island Vacation but Sabah offers a genuinely complete tropical island holiday bundle as it is a land of tropical admirations from ocean deep to mountain high. The 1st popular topographic point in Sabah is the topical beach. Where you can merely idle around underneath a coconut tree on your deck chair with your to a great extent sun-tanned organic structure soaking all the tropical Sun you can acquire, a cocktail in one manus and a good book in the other, white and soft sand beneath your pess, the sound of the ocean waves repeating in the background, and sea gulls go throughing by above you, your head will be relax and bury all the busy s life in the metropolis. Sabah has an copiousness of first-class tropical beaches that can do your dream tropical holiday a world. Most of the best beaches with developed substructures are located in the West Coast of Sabah. Tropical Island Beside that the TAR Marine ParkA is besides is one of the perfect tropical islands in the whole of Borneo for the Sun and sea lovers, this is because they are all good sheltered from the unsmooth Waterss of the South China Sea and most islands are good developed in footings of tourer installations to supply a memorable tropical island holiday of a lifetime.A In the other manus Sabah has legion pickup locations where you can remain at quaint seaboard adjustments or chalets. The best topographic point for a tropical holiday pickups have to be at the 5-starA Tropical Vacation ResortsA pickups such as Shangri-La s Rasa Ria Resort and Nexus Karambunai Resort, both at Tuaran, about about 40-50 proceedingss drive from Kota Kinabalu, the capital metropolis of Sabah. Nestled far off from the metropolis life, both international criterion resorts are perfect for a great tropical holiday getaway.A An alternate scene for a tropical pickup is at the many idyllicA Tropical Island VacationA pickups such as the nearby islands off Kota Kinabalu seashore at Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park. However, if you are looking for a simple and quaint location out of the metropolis or if your budget is a spot tight, you can still bask a truly brilliant tropical holiday at budget-typed tropical seaboard pickups. Tropical resort In Sabah got five best tropical resorts. Shangri-La s Tanjung Aru Resort, Kota Kinabalu. Shangri-la s Rasa Ria Resort, Tuaran Nexus Karambunai Resort, Tuaran Nexus Karambunai Resort, Tuaran Pacific Sutera Hotel, Kota Kinabalu Shangri-La s Tanjung Aru Resort, Kota Kinabalu is located near airdrome and merely necessitate around 10 minit from airport.It is the prototype of the Shangri-La best.It boats some 495 charming suites all equipped with the modern installations. Shangri-la s Rasa Ria Resort, Tuaran is situated at Pantai Dalit, Tuaran and need about 40 proceedingss drive from Kota Kinabalu, the capital metropolis of Sabah. The Shangri-La s Rasa Ria Resort besides located at the point where the jungle meets the sea and surrounded by 400 estates of tropical gardens. Nexus Karambunai Resort, Tuaran is located 30km North East of Kota Kinabalu, the capital of Sabah on a privy 45 estates of tranquil, natural beauty on the Karambunai Peninsular with fantastic white and flaxen beaches. Nexus Karambunai Resort, Tuaran which Sprawling on 384 estates of premier sea-front land with the olympian Mount Kinabalu as its background in Kota Kinabalu, the Magellan Sutera Hotel, a resort within the Sutera Harbour Resorts and Marina locality, is far more than merely superb excellent tropical holiday resort. Although it is close to the metropolis centre, the Magellan Sutera Hotel can besides easy be a tropical holiday retreat for those who believe in botching themselves with the delectations of Borneo s celebrated cordial reception. The Pacific Sutera Hotel can be the best described as a cost-efficient tropical holiday resort. Although it is positioned a spot further from the beach country and appears to look more like a concern hotel compared to the nearby the Magellan Sutera Hotel, do nt be fooled by its visual aspect. Adventure Vacation In Sabah got the escapade holiday from soft to hard as it will convey you a assortment of adventure holiday activities that is non merely alone to this part but besides can unparallel in quality. The escapade got similar mountain mounting it will suppress with comparative easiness the olympian Mounnt Kinabalu, the highest extremum in South East Asia.In Mount Kinabalu you do non necessitate any particular accomplishments or mountaineering cogwheels. White Water Rafting is a brave escapade which is the tickle pinking sit down the river rapids on a White Water Rafting escapade. Along the more ambitious Padas River ( Grade 111-1V moderate rapids ) or the household Kiulu River ( Grade 1-111 simple rapids ) . Jungle trekking is an escapade takes a guided hike/trek through million old ages old rain forest at Danum Valley or Maliau The Lost World Basin. Borneo s rain forest is the oldest in the universe at around 130 million old ages compared to the 60 million old ages old Amazon rain forest. River Cruise is an adventure take a boat sail along the Kinabatangan River, the longest river in Sabah, it is for a merriment filled nature escapade on an ox-bow lake and to seek for the elusive Proboscis Monkey and other wild life. Scuba Diving Vacation Sabah is fast deriving popularity as the latest Prime Minister Scuba Diving Vacation finish in the universe. The alien Malaysian province has some of the best dive musca volitanss in the part every bit good as worldwide. Besides the world-famous Sipadan, and its neighbouring islands like Mabul and Kapalai near Semporna in the East Coast of Sabah, the other top musca volitanss include Lankayan near Sandakan, and Layang Layang, situated some 300km off the West Coast of Sabah. Scuba plunging Vacation at Sipadan, Mabul, Kapalai is three first dive finishs located within sight of each other are situated in the East seashore of Sabah.Sipadan is the most good known, it is the legendary island of polo-necks. Mabul is an enrapturing island where every coconut tree has its ain figure. Kapalai is an island resort built on piles in the center of the sea The standard dive bundle will include 3 boat dive combinations a twenty-four hours with professional a Divemaster every bit good as limitless beach honkytonks ( minimal 1 hr surface interval ) . Diving boat and basic plunging equipments such as armored combat vehicles with air, weight and weight belt will be inclusive. Scuba plunging holiday at Lakayan is regarded as the new plunging frontier in Sulu Sea off the North-Eastern seashore of Sabah. A jewel-like bantam island in the Sulu Sea and hr and a half boat drive s North of Sandakan, Lankayan has been declared portion of an huge Marine Protected Area. Its dive sites are all within proceedingss off from one another and self-praise incredibly colourful macro zoology, intriguing wrecks such as the Lankayan Wreck , which was an ocean traveling fish poaching vas suitably demised in the country of its illegal activities. Lankayan is a virtually uninhabited island but there is one little resort that offers an adjustment service. Scuba Diving Vacation at Layang-Layang, it known as the Jewel of the Borneo Bankss , Layang Layang is a little pelagic atoll 14 sq kilometer in diameter stick outing some 2000m from the Ocean deepnesss, doing it a wall plunging Mecca. The exact location of Layang Layang is 7.5 grades north of the equator and 114 degree E of the acme, right in the center of ancient South China Sea, 300km North West off the seashore of Sabah. Besides its astonishing honkytonk characteristics, Layang Layang is besides renowned as a bird sanctuary, situated on the other terminal of the island. As for adjustment, there is merely one resort on the island. The Layang Layang Island Resort is a modest three-star resort with 76 suites and 10 suites. Its tropical hardwood constructions and the similitude of a traditional Longhouse exude an alone sense of cordial reception and heat. National Park Vacation Sabah besides provides a really alone and nice experience of national park holiday. In Sabah, there is two celebrated national Parkss which is Kinabalu National Park and Mesilau Nature Park. Kinabalu National Park is about 90km or two hours drive off from the capital of Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. It is a fantastic topographic point that Lashkar-e-Taiba you enjoy the green environment with refreshing and cool mountain air which can allow you wholly bury about busy life of urban metropolis. Kinabalu National Park is one of the richest diverseness of works, animate being, insect and bird life in the universe which is good protected since 1964. Inside this national park, we can besides establish the universe largest hurler works, Rajah Brooke and universe largest flower, Rafflesia. Mesilau Nature Park merely off from Kota Kinabalu about 108km and within Kinabalu National Park, approximately 30 proceedingss by route. This nature park is about 2000 meters above the sea degree. In this park, there is a highest golf class in South East Asia, Kundasang Mt. Kinabalu Golf Course which is portion of beauty scenic position of Mesilau Nature Park. The dramatic positions of the Kundasang vale with terraced hill inclines planted with Highlandss veggies besides another attractive force for nature lover. Nature Tour Sabah is a truly nice topographic point for a absorbing nature circuit. No affair island or national park or tropical holiday, Sabah certainly provides you a circuit with gustatory sensation of nature and eco friendly. There is a one hundred sixty 1000000s old ages old rain forest which older than the Amazon, the Danum Valley. Go for a jungle trekking inside it certain gives you an ultimate experience with good vegetations and zoologies. Enjoyful soft escapade is besides available at the top of national park. Another unforgettable nature experience is go for a River Safari journey on a boat. Rich and colourful multi-cultural of Autochthonal Peopless must be discovered during trip to Sabah. Family Vacation Escape from busy metropolis life, convey your household and spend twosomes of dark at Sabah might better relationship among your household members. It must be a great experience to hold a soft escapade in controlled escapade holiday site with household. Wild Adventure By holding a over 100 1000000s old ages old rain forest, Sabah certain provide a great experience by wild escapades. Breathtaking sights of rare wildlife such as the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Asiatic elephants are available at the Lost World . Take a river sail to witness nature s Christmas Lights, fire beetles which all around inside the rain forest or catch a glance of the long-nose Proboscis Monkeys must be an unforgettable experience. Decision Sabah is a fantastic topographic point to see or remain in particularly to those who like the nature really much. Amazing gifts from the God are to the full and good protected here. Impressive scene in Sabah will do every tourers who of all time been there a unforgettable experience and autumn in love with it, Sabah.

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buy custom Law Enforcement essay The world has in the last couple of months gone through a very tough phase with the recession in The United States of America sending a ripple effect to other countries around the world. It has been difficult for people to maintain their lifestyles on the same salaries they had before while it is even harder for the majority who are jobless. Getting a job is no longer easy and it is made worse by the rise in product prices and the inflation that is spread throughout the world. This has led to numerous protests from people the world over and it has not been different here in the United States. As a result the law enforcement agencies have been having a tough time trying to ensure that peace prevailed amidst of all the demonstrations. Occupy Wall Street are a series of demonstrations that were started by an activist group known as Adbusters in protest of the rise in living costs, corruption in both the government and the large private sector companies, and economic inequality witnessed in America. The protests are also aimed at the financial services sector and at lobbyist and they carry the slogan we are the 99% in reference to the gap between the wealthiest Americans and the rest of the populace (Grossman, 2009). These demonstrations have been held in over 70 cities around USA since the inception in mid-September, 2011. The effect has also been felt in other countries where similar protests have been held. As a community, everyone is affected by the protests taking place all over the plae. It is a tough choice to choose either to join the protests or to sit back and ridicule the protestors. This is because the protests are being held to demonstrate the pain of living today which is what we are all going through. It is therefore important that everyone should contribute to the protests in one way or another since they touch on our current situation. On the other hand, some people may find the protests to be disturbing and uncalled for since they do cause a great deal of disturbance. Those people who live anywhere near the areas where the protests are taking place know just how disturbing they can be. The level of noise is too high and the fact that there are hundreds of people walking around means that there is also a heightened level of insecurity since the protesters are not screened to enter the parks. As such the neighboring community is affected since even businesses closed on the days of protests mainly due to the retailers fears of riots and consequent looting. The government has been on recovery mission to try and reduce the inflation rate that has been a contributor to the protests. Other stakeholders like the financial sector companies have also gone silent or are trying to reduce their lending rates to enable the people who had taken loans especially for their homes to retain them with new repayment plans. The results to such protests need to be felt for the protesters to cease their protests and it is therefore clear that the protests are here to stay since the economy is still recovering albeit slowly. The government and other companies arre also witnessing further losses when the businesses remain closed during protests and more and more people join them leaving their work stations unattended. The police have had a herculean task of maintaining order throughout the protests. In New York, there has been a police officer tasked with advising the protesters on the ways they could keep away from being arrested and assisting in giving any other information relevant to keeping the protesters within the law limits. The city has had to grapple with a sharp rise in the cost of paying overtime charges since they have been deployed to watch the protesters round the clock. In Oakland, violence broke out in the midst of the over 10000 strong crowd and police were forced to make arrests. Similar cases that led to the arrest of numerous protesters were reported in Portland, Boston and Denver. The police have been overwhelmed by the large numbers of protesters who have been rowdy leading to the arrest of several protesters. It maybe the duty of law enforcers to maintain peace but in situations like these, the protesters become too rowdy leading to the police making arrests. In some instances, the police have been forced to use rubber bullets to shoot into the crowds to either disperse the crowds or to arrest some protesters. This obviously is not an easy task and is draining both physically and emotionally for the police. It has therefore not been easy for the law enforcement officers in their quest to offer their services to the populace whilst maintaining law and order. Buy custom Law Enforcement essay

Air Carrier Safety; History, Statistics, and Forecast Essay

Air Carrier Safety; History, Statistics, and Forecast - Essay Example The first laws that deal with commercial aviation were passed during the 1920’s. One specific act that was critical in the development of the aircraft safety is the Air Commerce Act of 1926 (McDougall, 2007). This act required pilots and aircraft to be examined and licensed for accidents and crashes to be sufficiently investigated. Moreover the establishment of safety rules and navigation aids were established under the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce. Given these advancements in the policy arena, over the course of 1926 and 1927, there were a total of 24 dangerously fatal commercial airline accidents (Bamber, 2009). Furthermore, the following 2 years resulted in a total of 67 accidents which is a record in terms of the worst period of time for accidents in aviation history. The calculated accident rate was about 1 for every 1,000,000 miles flown. If converted to the current rates of travel, such numbers would translate into 7,000 fatal incidents per year (McD ougall, 2007). Though 1927 is the most fatal year in terms of airline travel, ever since that year, the number of annual accidents have steadily declined. Furthermore, after 1997 the number total number of fatal airline accidents dropped less than .2 percent of its previous rate with less than 1 for every 2 billion miles flown per person. Consequentially air travel has become one of the most safe methods of travel. It seems as if most accidents are not caused by human error but rather by external conditions that effect travel such as weather (Bamber, 2009). This is empirically proven by the fact that a disproportionate number of all U.S. aircraft crashes occur in Alaska, largely as a result of severe weather conditions. Between 1990-2006 there were 1441 commuter and air taxi crashes in the U.S. of which 373 (26%) were fatal, resulting in 1063 deaths (142 occupational pilot deaths). Alaska accounted for 513 (36%) of the total U.S.

Critical thinking in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical thinking in management - Essay Example Moreover, it is significant to understand that employees because play a great role among other defining factors. The question will be answered by including all the main arguments, the theories, authors who have contributed in their knowledge and understanding and case examples to illustrate the above arguments. Further, the question requires annotated bibliography and it will be provided at the end of the essay. Essay body Organisational behavior is a field which studies how people think, act and feel within a setting of an organisation (Sapru 2008). Outstanding managers have been identified and they possess four types of skills, which allow them to handle the process of behavior management effectively (Sapru 2008: 276). These steps include; being familiar with behavioral challenge, the ability to pick out the causes of current behavior, identifying a strategy for attaining behavioral goals, and the ability to implement and adjust the chosen strategy as required (Parler & Ritson 2005 : 1276). These are the pillars of management theory as discussed by Hartley (2006), Tsukamoto-Wagner (2008), and Brownlie et al (2008). On the other hand, guru theory is based on the assumption that the gurus promote maxims, which specify the behavior rules, but they never increase the managers’ competence as in the works of Bos & Heusinkveld (2007), Collins (2001), Parler and Ritson (2005), and Barabba et al (2002). However, the theory is significant when applied from the manager’s side. Organizational behavior in management is best handled using behavioral theories that are well discussed by Bucklin et al (2000) and Baron and Greenberg (2008). This field of study was created around 1900 and its major perspectives have included scientific management (Tsukamoto-Wagner 2008: 361), human relations approach (Van de Ven 2003), and contingency approach as the latest (MANAGE 2012: 1). According to the analyses of Wallach (1983: 32), Alvero et al. (2000: 43), and Tompkins (20 05: 398), the contingency approach recognises organisational behavior as a complex field of study, driven by different characters. Managers in organisations need to understand this and develop their personal answers to some extent. Fayol’s theory of competitive strategy is said to be advocated by foyol for management education, both as a profession and a discipline. In this case, Yoo et al (2006: 360), Wright (2006) Williams (2003), The Wisest (2011), Collins (2003), and Black et al. (1992) approached the competative strategy theory from different perspectives. The diversity of this theory makes it compartible with many other approaches and when blended, any organisation will be able to achieve a working successful behavior. Findings A combination of Organisational behavior management with the other theories is the best aspect of managing organisations (Wallach 1983: 32). This is significant because there is no signle theory that can be said to solve all managerial challenges or to be applied successfully in managerial behavior. Therefore, the approach requires application of psychological principles of organisational be

The Goya Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Goya Painting - Essay Example The essay "The Goya Painting" explores the painting of Goya. Goya has brought more attention to the central figure whereas the other figures are crouched down and small. The last way that Goya brought attention to the central figure is through light and shadow. The use of light and shadow is very important in that Goya used bright light to bring the central figure to the viewers attention while the other figures and the building are in shadow pushing them into the background. Light and shadow is also used to get the feeling or message of the painting across to the viewer. In this case, the gunmen are darker and dangerous looking because they are in the shadows more. The feeling is that the gunmen have a dark intent and the man in the light is innocent and does not deserve to be in the current circumstance and the light cast on the slaughtered gentleman also creates a feeling that the killing was unnecessary. I feel sad and horrified when viewing Goya’s work because the paining gives me a feeling that any armed conflict between anyone is horrifying and unnecessary. It is clear from this painting that Goya is against war, armed conflict, and, in particular, violence. Goya obviously does not care for violence and the death associated with violence the violence of war. This is clear by the feelings this paining portrays and by the depiction of the gunmen as apposed to those on the opposite side of the guns. The people being shot at look distraught and innocent as show no reason why they should be.

A Study About Blue Eye Technology

A Study About Blue Eye Technology Blue Eyes system provides technical means for monitoring and recording the operators basic physiological parameters. The most important parameter is saccadic activity1, which enables the system to monitor the status of the operators visual attention along with head acceleration, which accompanies large displacement of the visual axis (saccades larger than 15 degrees). Complex industrial environment can create a danger of exposing the operator to toxic substances, which can affect his cardiac, circulatory and pulmonary systems. Thus, on the grounds of plethysmographic signal taken from the forehead skin surface, the system computes heart beat rate and blood oxygenation. The BlueEyes system checks above parameters against abnormal (e.g. a low level of blood oxygenation or a high pulse rate) or undesirable (e.g. a longer period of lowered visual attention) values and triggers user-defined alarms when necessary. Quite often in an emergency situation operator speak to themselves expressing their surprise or stating verbally the problem. Therefore, the operators voice, physiological parameters and an overall view of the operating room are recorded. This helps to reconstruct the course of operators work and provides data for long-term analysis. BlueEyes consists of a mobile measuring device and a central analytical system. The mobile device is integrated with Bluetooth module providing wireless interface between sensors worn by the operator and the central unit. ID cards assigned to each of the operators and adequate user profiles on the central unit side provide necessary data personalization so different people can use a single mobile device (called hereafter DAU Data Acquisition Unit). The overall system diagram is shown in Figure 1. The tasks of the mobile Data Acquisition Unit are to maintain Bluetooth connections, to get information from the sensor and sending it over the wireless connection INTRODUCTION: Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you .You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection. Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings. The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses non-obtrusive sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities . The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states. EMOTION AND COMPUTING: Rosalind Picard (1997) describes why emotions are important to the computing community. There are two aspects of affective computing: giving the computer the ability to detect emotions and giving the computer the ability to express emotions. Not only are emotions crucial for rational decision making as Picard describes, but emotion detection is an important step to an adaptive computer system. An adaptive, smart computer system has been driving our efforts to detect a persons emotional state. An important element of incorporating emotion into computing is for productivity for a computer user. A study (Dryer Horowitz, 1997) has shown that people with personalities that are similar or complement each other collaborate well. Dryer (1999) has also shown that people view their computer as having a personality. For these reasons, it is important to develop computers which can work well with its user. By matching a persons emotional state and the context of the expressed emotion, over a period of time the persons personality is being exhibited. Therefore, by giving the computer a longitudinal understanding of the emotional state of its user, the computer could adapt a working style which fits with its users personality. The result of this collaboration could increase productivity for the user. One way of gaining information from a user non-intrusively is by video. Cameras have been used to detect a persons emotional state (Johnson, 1999). We have explored gaining information through touch. One obvious place to put sensors is on the mouse. Through observing normal computer usage (creating and editing documents and surfing the web), people spend approximately 1/3 of their total computer time touching their input device. Because of the incredible amount of time spent touching an input device, we will explore the possibility of detecting emotion through touch. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT SPEECH RECOGNITION: It is important to consider the environment in which the speech recognition system has to work. The grammar used by the speaker and accepted by the system, noise level, noise type, position of the microphone, and speed and manner of the users speech are some factors that may affect the quality of speech recognition .When you dial the telephone number of a big company, you are likely to hear the sonorous voice of a cultured lady who responds to your call with great courtesy saying Welcome to company X. Please give me the extension number you want. You pronounce the extension number, your name, and the name of person you want to contact. If the called person accepts the call, the connection is given quickly. This is artificial intelligence where an automatic call-handling system is used without employing any telephone operator. THE TECHNOLOGY: Artificial intelligence (AI) involves two basic ideas. First, it involves studying the thought processes of human beings. Second, it deals with representing those processes via machines (like computers, robots, etc). AI is behavior of a machine, which, if performed by a human being, would be called intelligent. It makes machines smarter and more useful, and is less expensive than natural intelligence. Natural language processing (NLP) refers to artificial intelligence methods of communicating with a computer in a natural language like English. The main objective of a NLP program is to understand input and initiate action. The input words are scanned and matched against internally stored known words. Identification of a key word causes some action to be taken. In this way, one can communicate with the computer in ones language. No special commands or computer language are required. There is no need to enter programs in a special language for creating software. SPEECH RECOGNITION: The user speaks to the computer through a microphone, which, in used; a simple system may contain a minimum of three filters. The more the number of filters used, the higher the probability of accurate recognition. Presently, switched capacitor digital filters are used because these can be custom-built in integrated circuit form. These are smaller and cheaper than active filters using operational amplifiers. The filter output is then fed to the ADC to translate the analogue signal into digital word. The ADC samples the filter outputs many times a second. Each sample represents different amplitude of the signal .Evenly spaced vertical lines represent the amplitude of the audio filter output at the instant of sampling. Each value is then converted to a binary number proportional to the amplitude of the sample. A central processor unit (CPU) controls the input circuits that are fed by the ADCS. A large RAM (random access memory) stores all the digital values in a buffer area. This digit al information, representing the spoken word, is now accessed by the CPU to process it further. The normal speech has a frequency range of 200 Hz to 7 kHz. Recognizing a telephone call is more difficult as it has bandwidth limitation of 300 Hz to3.3 kHz. As explained earlier, the spoken words are processed by the filters and ADCs. The binary representation of each of these words becomes a template or standard, against which the future words are compared. These templates are stored in the memory. Once the storing process is completed, the system can go into its active mode and is capable of identifying spoken words. As each word is spoken, it is converted into binary equivalent and stored in RAM. The computer then starts searching and compares the binary input pattern with the templates. t is to be noted that even if the same speaker talks the same text, there are always slight variations in amplitude or loudness of the signal, pitch, frequency difference, time gap, etc. Due to this reason, there is never a perfect match between the template and binary input word. The pattern matching process therefore uses statistical techniques and is designed to look for the best fit. The values of binary input words are subtracted from the corresponding values in the templates. If both the values are same, the difference is zero and there is perfect match. If not, the subtraction produces some difference or error. The smaller the error, the better the match. When the best match occurs, the word is identified and displayed on the screen or used in some other manner. The search process takes a considerable amount of time, as the CPU has to make many comparisons before recognition occurs. This necessitates use of very high-speed processors. A large RAM is also required as even though a spoken word may last only a few hundred milliseconds, but the same is translated into many thousands of digital words. It is important to note that alignment of words and templates are to be matched correctly in time, before computing the similarity score. This process, termed as dynamic time warping, recognizes that different speakers pronounce the same words at different speeds as w ell as elongate different parts of the same word. This is important for the speaker-independent recognizers. THE SIMPLE USER INTERST TRACKER (SUITOR): Computers would have been much more powerful, had they gained perceptual and sensory abilities of the living beings on the earth. What needs to be developed is an intimate relationship between the computer and the humans. And the Simple User Interest Tracker (SUITOR) is a revolutionary approach in this direction. By observing the Webpage a netizen is browsing, the SUITOR can help by fetching more information at his desktop. By simply noticing where the users eyes focus on the computer screen, the SUITOR can be more precise in determining his topic of interest. It can even deliver relevant information to a handheld device. The success lies in how much the suitor can be intimate to the user. IBMs BlueEyes research project began with a simple question, according to Myron Flickner, a manager in Almadens USER group: Can we exploit nonverbal cues to create more effective user interfaces? One such cue is gaze-the direction in which a person is looking. Flickner and his colleagues have created some new techniques for tracking a persons eyes and have incorporated this gaze-tracking technology into two prototypes. One, called SUITOR (Simple User Interest Tracker), fills a scrolling ticker on a computer screen with information related to the users current task. SUITOR knows where you are looking, what applications you are running, and what Web pages you may be browsing. If Im reading a Web page about IBM, for instance, says Paul Maglio, the Almaden cognitive scientist who invented SUITOR, the system presents the latest stock price or business news stories that could affect IBM. If I read the headline off the ticker, it pops up the story in a browser window. If I start to read the story, it adds related stories to the ticker. Thats the whole idea of an attentive system-one that attends to what you are doing, typing, reading, so that it can attend to your information needs. PARTS OF A BLUE EYE SYSTEM : The major parts in the Blue eye system are Data Acquisition Unit and Central System Unit. The tasks of the mobile Data Acquisition Unit are to maintain Bluetooth connections, to get information from the sensor and sending it over the wireless connection, to deliver the alarm messages sent from the Central System Unit to the operator and handle personalized ID cards. Central System Unit maintains the other side of the Blue tooth connection, buffers incoming sensor data, performs on-line data analysis, records the conclusions for further exploration and provides visualization interface. THE HARDWARE: Data Acquisition Unit Data Acquisition Unit is a mobile part of the Blue eyes system. Its main task is to fetch the physiological data from the sensor and to send it to the central system to be processed. To accomplish the task the device must manage wireless Bluetooth connections (connection establishment, authentication and termination). Personal ID cards and PIN codes provide operators authorization. Figure Showing Jazz-multi Sensor Communication with the operator is carried on using a simple 5-key keyboard, a small LCD display and a beeper. When an exceptional situation is detected the device uses them to notify the operator. Voice data is transferred using a small headset, interfaced to the DAU with standard mini-jack plugs. The Data Acquisition Unit The Data Acquisition unit comprises several hardware modules figure showing data acquisition unit  · Atmel 89C52 microcontroller system core  · Bluetooth module (based on ROK101008)  · HD44780 small LCD display  · 24C16 I2C EEPROM (on a removable ID card) CENTRAL SYSTEM UNIT : Central System Unit hardware is the second peer of the wireless connection. The box contains a Bluetooth module (based on ROK101008) and a PCM codec for voice data transmission. The module is interfaced to a PC using a parallel, serial and USB cable. The audio data is accessible through standard mini-jack sockets over view of central system unit To program operators personal ID cards we developed a simple programming device. The programmer is interfaced to a PC using serial and PS/2 (power source) ports. Inside, there is Atmel 89C2051 microcontroller, which handles UART transmission and I2C EEPROM (ID card) programming. THE SOFTWARE: Blue Eyes softwares main task is to look after working operators physiological condition. To assure instant reaction on the operators condition change the software performs real time buffering of the incoming data, real-time physiological data analysis and alarm triggering. The Blue Eyes software comprises several functional modules System core facilitates the transfers flow between other system modules (e.g. transfers raw data from the Connection Manager to data analyzers, processed data from the data analyzers to GUI controls, other data analyzers, data logger etc.). The System Core fundamental are single-producer-multi-consumer thread safe queues. Any number of consumers can register to receive the data supplied by a producer. Every single consumer can register at any number of producers, receiving therefore different types of data. Naturally, every consumer may be a producer for other consumers. This approach enables high system scalability new data processing modules (i.e. filters, data analyzers and loggers) can be easily added by simply registering as a costumer Connection Manager is responsible for managing the wireless communication between the mobile Data Acquisition Unit the central system. The Connection Manager handles:  · communication with the CSU hardware  · searching for new devices in the covered range  · establishing Bluetooth connections  · connection authentication  · incoming data buffering  · sending alerts Data Analysis module performs the analysis of the raw sensor data in order to obtain information about the operators physiological condition. The separately running Data Analysis module supervises each of the working operators. The module consists of a number of smaller analyzers extracting different types of information. Each of the analyzers registers at the appropriate Operator Manager or another analyzer as a data consumer and, acting as a producer, provides the results of the analysis. Visualization module provides a user interface for the supervisors. It enables them to watch each of the working operators physiological condition along with a preview of selected video source and related sound stream. All the incoming alarm messages are instantly signaled to the supervisor.The Visualization module can be set in an off-line mode, where all the data is fetched from the database.Watching all the recorded physiological parameters, alarms, video and audio data the supervisor is able to reconstruct the course of the selected operators duty. The physiological data is presented using a set of custom-built GUI controls:  · a pie-chart used to present a percentage of time the operator was actively acquiring the visual information · A VU-meter showing the present value of a parameter time series displaying a history of selected parameters value. BLUE-EYES BENEFITS: Prevention from dangerous incidents Minimization of ecological consequences financial loss a threat to a human life Blue Eyes system provides technical means for monitoring and recording human-operators physiological condition. The key features of the system are:  · visual attention monitoring (eye motility analysis)  · physiological condition monitoring (pulse rate, blood oxygenation)  · operators position detection (standing, lying)  · wireless data acquisition using Blue tooth technology  · real-time user-defined alarm triggering  · physiological data, operators voice and overall view of the control room recording  · recorded data playback Blue Eyes system can be applied in every working environment requiring permanent operators attention:  · at power plant control rooms  · at captain bridges  · at flight control centers. APPLICATIONS : One of the main benefits of speech recognition system is that it lets user do other works simultaneously. The user can concentrate on observation and manual operations, and still control the machinery by voice input commands. Another major application of speech processing is in military operations. Voice control of weapons is an example. With reliable speech recognition equipment, pilots can give commands and information to the computers by simply speaking into their microphones-they dont have to use their hands for this purpose. Another good example is a radiologist scanning hundreds of X-rays, ultrasonograms, CT scans and simultaneously dictating conclusions to a speech recognition system connected to word processors. The radiologist can focus his attention on the images rather than writing the text. Voice recognition could also be used on computers for making airline and hotel reservations. A user requires simply to state his needs, to make reservation, cancel a reservation, or ma ke enquiries about schedule. CONCLUSION: The nineties witnessed quantum leaps interface designing for improved man machine interactions. The BLUE EYES technology ensures a convenient way of simplifying the life by providing more delicate and user friendly facilities in computing devices. Now that we have proven the method, the next step is to improve the hardware. Instead of using cumbersome modules to gather information about the user, it will be better to use smaller and less intrusive units. The day is not far when this technology will push its way into your house hold, making you more lazy. It may even reach your hand held mobile device. Any way this is only a technological forecast. In future it is possible to create a computer which can interact with us as we interact each other with the use of blue eye technology. It seems to be a fiction, but it will be the life lead by BLUE EYES in the very near future. ordinary household devices such as televisions, refrigerators, and ovens may be able to do their jobs when we look at them and speak to them.

Mono Basin Volcanism Essay -- Geology Volcanoes Volcano Papers

Mono Basin Volcanism The last basin in the Basin and Range before the Sierra Nevada Mountain range is the Mono Basin. The Mono Basin consists of landforms such as the Mono-Inyo Craters, Black Point, Negit Island, Paoha Island, Mono Lake, Devils Punch Bowl, Panum Crater, and some others (Hamburger et al; 2004). All of these landforms were created by volcanism. Actually, the Mono Basin is in one of the most volcanically active places in the world (Forest Service; 2004). Paoha Island, Negit Island, and Panum Crater are the most recent volcanoes to erupt, which are the furthest north in the basin. The volcanoes' ages tend to get older the further south they are from Panum Crater; with the exception of Paoha. Eruptions in the Mono Basin have tended to occur in five hundred year intervals over the past two thousand to three thousand years (Molossia; 2004). Hot springs and fumeroles and other signs show that this area is still active (USDA; 97). Though there has not been any volcanic eruptions in the las t six hundred years, there is still evidence of volcanic unrest in the Mono Basin area. (The Picture above compliments of USGS). The Mono Craters were all formed within the last forty thousand years. These craters are localized on a north-trending fissure system that starts at the south of Mammoth Mountain up through the western moat to the north shore of Mono Lake; this system extends about fifty kilometers (USGS;2004). There are thirty domes that formed together (Molossia;2004). They were originally formed by the intrusion of a dike. About six hundred years ago when the magma began rising in the southern end of the Mono-Inyo Craters there was a series of eruptions and ground cracking. The dike was spreading both hor... ...is Panum Crater that is six hundred and forty years old (Topinka:2001). (Picture below compliments of USGS). Sources Molossian Institute of Volcanology. Long Valley Caldera. 2004 http://www.molossia.org.org/volcanology/longvalley.html Topinka, Lyn. Mono-Inyo Craters. Last updated 11/09/01. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/livingwith/volcanicpast/places/volcanic_past_long_valey.html. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Mono Basin. National Forest Scenic Area. Inyo National Forest. 11/97. U.S Geological Survey. Long Valley Observatory Website. Mono Lake Area, California. 2004. http://lvo.wr.usgs.gov/Inyoeruptions/inyoflows.html http://lvo.wr.usgs.gov/history.html Wood and Kienle, 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: Cambridge University Press, 354p.,p.256-262. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/nevada/description_nevada.html